Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are expected to provide efficient and effective services to their customers. Practice standards, including evidence-based interventions and standardized outcomes, have not been established. This article reports findings from an online survey focused on EAP outcomes from 23 EAP owners, who cover 1,500 work organizations and more than 900,000 employees.
Ok here is my problem. Now all I have is the nero version which I just found out won't work as being authentic. I've read this entire thread and from what I've read so far I can't seem to get my problem fixed. I had a version of PR2 burned off with Nero as an archive and stupidly played off the original and broke it.
PCI Express Architecture PCI Express is the latest I/O interconnect technology that will replace the existing PCI. Dual-Channel DDR2 533 Dual-channel DDR2 technology doubles the bandwidth of your system memory and hence boost the system performance to out perform any memory existing solutions in the market. Download manual placa mae asus psgc-mx.
This article was downloaded by: [McMaster University] On: 17 August 2012, At: 21:49 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Employee Assistance Quarterly Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wzea20
Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada Rick Csiernik PhD a
a
School of Social Work, King's College, University of Western Ontario, Western Ontario
Version of record first published: 16 Oct 2008
To cite this article: Rick Csiernik PhD (2000): Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada, Employee Assistance Quarterly, 15:3, 15-22 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J022v15n03_02
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada: The State of the Nation
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Rick Csiernik
ABSTRACT. Over the past few decades Employee Assistance Programming (EAP) has grown into a multi-million dollar industry in Canada, employing thousands of practitioners. With its emergence as a prominent field of practice one would have assumed a parallel development of formal post-secondary education in this area. However, a review of departments of business, psychology, social work and sociology in Canada’s 56 liberal arts universities found virtually no specific academic training in Employee Assistance Programming. This is one contributing factor explaining the current lack of substantive EAP research efforts in Canada. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: Website: ]
KEYWORDS. EAP education
INTRODUCTION One may obtain a specialization in Employee Assistance Programming (EAP) at 17 post-secondary institutions in the United States, Rick Csiernik, PhD, is Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, King’s College, University of Western Ontario. He is the past coordinator of the EAP studies program at McMaster University. Address correspondence to: Rick Csiernik, 266 Epworth Avenue, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 2M3 (E-mail: [email protected]). The author would like to thank Ms. Kristie Van De Wetering and Ms. Marine McTavish for their assistance with this project and King’s College for its financial support. Employee Assistance Quarterly, Vol. 15(3) 2000 E 2000 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
16
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
literally from coast to coast. One may also take courses in Employee Assistance and related subjects at both the undergraduate and graduate levels at many more colleges and universities (Gustavsson and Balgopal, 1991; Harney and Frissell, 1996; Masi and Maiden, 1985; Nida et al., 1987; Quick, Sonnenstuhl and Trice, 1987). While EAP is a product of western industrialized society, one may also study Employee Assistance Programming or occupational social work at a post-secondary level in South Africa (du Plessis, 1999; Mkalipe, 1992) and Malaysia (Balgopal et al., 1997). However, in Canada, a nation that can trace it origins in EAP back to the 19th century (Csiernik, 1992), a nation with thousands of EAP programs, staffed by thousands of Employee Assistance practitioners, there is practically no specific formal post-secondary training in the field. Canada by virtue of its size and population does not have the same number of universities, nor academic programs, as does the United States, however, the provision of Employee Assistance services is extremely prevalent across the nation. This is not to imply that Canadian Employee Assistance practitioners are not concerned with nor that they do not follow the core competencies, professional standards or ethical guidelines. Rather, it is a reflection of the importance placed on Employee Assistance Programming by the academic community in Canada. The question that arises is what type of educational opportunities do exist within Canada for those interested in a career in EAP. METHODOLOGY This examination of post-secondary EAP education began by obtaining a listing of all accredited liberal arts universities across Canada (n = 56) by province.1 Of these 56 institutions, five universities offer programming in French while two are officially bilingual campuses, offering courses equally in both French and English. The remainder have English as their language of instruction. For each university either a 1998-1999 undergraduate and graduate calendar was obtained or the course offerings were reviewed using the university’s web-site calendar. The total number of courses listed for each discipline was counted along with the specific number of courses pertaining to Employee Assistance Programming. The initial search focused on four undergraduate disciplines: business, psychology, social work and sociology. After reviewing those findings a second
Rick Csiernik
17
search of graduate program courses in psychology and social work was undertaken.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
RESULTS Table 1 summarizes the number of course offerings by discipline for Canada’s 56 liberal arts universities.2 There are 54 institutions offering undergraduate degrees in business, 54 in psychology, 49 in sociology and 30 in social work. Combined they listed 11,101 separate offerings, from first year general introductory level courses to specialized fourth year electives. Of these, none (0.0%) were entitled Employee Assistance or Employee Assistance Programming. One university, Dalhousie in Halifax, Nova Scotia offers an elective entitled Social Work in Industry while the majority of schools of social work have at least one undergraduate elective in addictions and provide a core foundation of individual, family and group counselling courses. Twenty-four psychology departments (44.4%) offer undergraduate courses in industrial or organizational psychology typically with a theoretical rather than an applied orientation, while several also provide a drugs and behaviour elective. Business department courses that have some relevance to the EAP field include organizational behaviour, human resources management, organizational theory and industrial relations, though none of these have a prominent focus on EAP. However, the business department of Laval Université, in Québec City, Québec does offer a course, in French, on Work and Mental Health. While the 49 sociology departments did not provide a specific offering on EAP, students could learn about the general area through taking courses such as work and organization, occupational sociology, or the sociology of organizations. The University of Toronto even offers an undergraduate course on the sociology of addiction. Graduate programming did not fair much better in the review. There are 34 Master of Arts programs in Psychology with a total of 1,180 listed offerings. While no course specifically was entitled Employee Assistance or Employee Assistance Programming, eleven universities (32.3%) did offer graduate courses on industrial or organizational psychology. Three (14.3%) graduate Schools of Social Work offer courses in occupational social work, two in English and one in French, representing 0.5% of the total social work courses listed. Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario and McGill in Montréal, Québec provide the English offerings while the Université de Québec à Mon-
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
18
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
TABLE 1. Courses Offered by Canadian Universities by Discipline University
Location
Business Psychology Social Work Sociology Psychology Social Work undergraduate programs graduate programs
BRITISH COLUMBIA (n = 10) Kwantlen University College Malaspina University College Okanogan University College Royal Roads Simon Fraser University of British Columbia University College of the Caribou University College of Fraser Valley University of Northern British Columbia University of Victoria
Surney 17 Nanaimo 7 Kelowna 40 Victoria 22 Burnaby 90 Vancouver 108 KamIoops Abbotsford 61 Prince George 51 Victoria 74
ALBERTA (n = 4) Athabasca University University of Alberta University of Calgary University of Lethbridge
Athabasca Edmonton Calgary Lethbridge
26 91 15
Regina
39**
19** 43 37
24 28
70 57 14 27 45 54
16 21 19 29 28
66 108** 42
SASKATCHEWAN (n = 2) University of Regina Sask. Federated Indian College University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon
73 29 133
MANITOBA (n = 3) Brandon University University of Manitoba University of Winnipeg
Brandon Winnipeg Winnipeg
29 103 27
43** 67** 74**
ONTARIO (n = 18) Algoma University Brock University Carelton University Lakehead University Laurentian University McMaster University*** Nippising University Queen’s University Ryerson Polytechnic University Trent University University of Guelph University of Ottawa University of Toronto University of Waterloo(1) University of Western Ontario(2) University of Windsor Wilfrid Laurier University York University
Sault Ste. Marie St. Catharines Ottawa Thunder Bay Sudbury Hamilton North Bay Kingston Toronto Peterborough Guelph Ottawa Toronto Waterloo London Windsor Waterloo Toronto
45 102 78 89 64 60 53 36 32 25 173 88 12 58 84 76 196
56 78 57 37** 38 50 36** 61** 33** 41 54** 86** 128 63** 154** 73** 49** 134**
QUEBEC (n = 7) Bishop’s University Concordia University Laval University McGill University Universite de Montreal Universite de Quebec Universite de Sherbrooke
Lennoxville Montreal Quebec City Montreal Montreal six sites Sherbrooke
120 179 39 53 35 271 125
51** 67 63** 67 73 181** 52**
43
56
46 23
28
18 40 28 39 31 36
17 37 23 30
71 54 31 133 43
16
78 50
68 48**
27
10 62
22 20
90 55 33
21 35**
38
50
35
10
80
35**
41 62 68
10**
17 48
43 57 57 39 48 70 36 52 31 33 50 84 95 86 132 77 51 229 49 68 78 85 71 125
5 59** 18 16
32
47 15 11 23
22 47** 87** 78 30** 33** 6 19 14
75* 27
56 61 22 40** 118 28
24 65* 32 53* 19
44
Rick Csiernik University
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
NEW BRUNSWICK (n = 4) Mount Allison University St. Thomas University Universite de Moncton University of New Brunswick
Location
19
Business Psychology Social Work Sociology Psychology Social Work undergraduate programs graduate programs
Sackville Fredericton Moncton Fredericton/ St. John
45 44 68 163
37 45** 34 109
NOVA SCOTIA (n = 5) Acadia University Dalhousie University Mount St. Vincent St. Francis Xavier University St. Mary’s University
Wolfville Halifax Halifax Antigonish Halifax
69 69 58 48 28
39** 63 37 25 53
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (n = 1) University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
57
45
NEWFOUNDLAND (n = 1) Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John’s
77
67**
46
33
19
15
total number of programs
53
53
30
48
34
21
total number of courses
3655
3184
1094
3050
1180
629
0
0
0
0
0
0
total number of EAP specific courses
29 33
37*
49 38 12 101
62 69 47 54 94
21 30
6 37 28
15
15
17**
53
* these departments offer one course each in occupational social work ** these departments offer at least one course in industrial/organizational psychology *** EAP studies certificate program provided through the Centre for Continuing Education 1--The social work program is located at Rension College 2--The social work program is located at King’s College
tréal (UQAM), also in Montréal, Québec offers the course in French. In each case the course is an elective and not necessarily offered each year let alone each semester. These results, while disappointing, are not a surprise to anyone in Canada who has sought formal university-based training in EAP. There has been one response, however, by the Continuing Education Department of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton was at one time the industrial centre of Canada and home to the initial occupational alcoholism consultant to industry in the country (Bennett, 1975) as well as developing the inaugural EAP Council (Massey and Csiernik, 1997). Thus, it was not startling that the Centre for Continuing Education in consultation with the EAP Council of Hamilton-Wentworth should develop the first, and only, formal program of study in the late 1980’s exclusively focusing upon EAP. As there was such a dearth of standardized training, it was decided by the Centre for Continuing Education to offer the program both on-site in Hamilton
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
20
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
and also in a distance education format to allow students across Canada the opportunity to formally study EAP. What initially began as two courses has evolved into two separate certificates. Each consists of six courses, with Level 1, Foundation Issues, intended as an introduction to the EAP field. It provides basic background to program development and core counselling skills including required courses in substance abuse, and EAP intervention techniques. Graduates of Level 1 may move to Level 2, Professional Issues, which is primarily intended as an advanced certificate for those already having earned a degree or certificate in a helping profession and who wish to gain specialized knowledge of the EAP field. Topics in Level 2 include Critical Incident Stress, Organizational and Individual Wellness, Family Issues, Specialized Clients and a course on business practice in EAP. The courses in both certificates are affiliated with the School of Social Work and can be combined and transferred for elective credit towards an undergraduate degree. However, the courses themselves are not taught at the degree level and do not appear in the official undergraduate or graduate university calendars. DISCUSSION The origins of EAP education date back to the industrial welfare workers of the 1800s. By 1919, 141 American corporations reported having a separate position classified as a welfare secretary. While many of these persons had no formal training, the major sector of employment for graduates from the New York School of Social Work during this era was industry. The University of Chicago also offered courses in social work and industrial welfare work during this time (Brandes, 1976; Popple, 1981). At the beginning of the 21st century, Canadian post-secondary institutions are barely offering more in terms of occupational education than their American counterparts were at the turn of the 20th century. In the interim, Employee Assistance Programming has become a multi-million dollar, multi-disciplinary practice area in Canada. Perhaps one reason there is virtually no empirical knowledge underlying the developmental dimensions of the field (Csiernik, 1998) is the lack of formal education in the field. Without a formal academic foundation there is limited impetus for research and increasing empirical knowledge of the field. With decreasing support being provided by the historically strong
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Rick Csiernik
21
Canadian social safety net and the increasing prominence of the private sector in health care and social service provision, EAPs are becoming more integral in the lives of Canadians with personal, family, and work related issues. As a result, EAPs are also becoming more prominent in the creation and maintenance of healthy communities. Considering the lack of formalized education in the field, it truly is time for Canadian universities in their forthcoming reviews of curriculum to place some emphasis on EAP. This is not a new issue, however, as a similar concern was expressed about American post-secondary EAP education by Epstein and Perryman in 1985. Thus, it also needs to become the responsibility of those working in the field as alumni of universities and colleges to ask what is being done by our alma maters to prepare the next generation of EAP practitioners so that they will be better prepared than we were for the challenges and nuances of the EAP profession. NOTES 1. The Université de Québec with six campuses was only counted once. The official language of instruction on each campus is French. 2. The provinces are listed from west to east.
REFERENCES Balgopal, P.; De Silva, E.; Mun, L.W., and Choo, Q. (1997). ‘‘Improving Quality of Work Life in Singapore: Implications for Social Work in Industry,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 12(4), 51-60. Bennett, Ken (1975). Development of Industrial Alcoholism Programs in Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton: Addiction Research Foundation. Brandes, Stuart (1976). American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Csiernik, Richard (1998) ‘‘A Profile of Canadian Employee Assistance Programs,’’ Employee Assistance Research Supplement, 2(1), 1-8. Csiernik, Richard (1992) ‘‘The Evolution of Employee Assistance Programming In North America,’’ Canadian Social Work Review, 9(2), 214-228. du Plessis, Angela (1999). ‘‘Occupational Social Work in South Africa,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 14(3), 19-40. Epstein, H. and Perryman, W. (1985). ‘‘Proposal for a Collaborative Curriculum,’’ EAP Digest, 5(5), 27-33. Gustavsson, Nora and Balgopal, Pallassana (1991). ‘‘Training of Social Workers in Work Settings: Response of the Academia,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 6(4), 79-89.
22
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Harney, Paula and Frissell, Susan (1996). ‘‘An Update to EAP Curricula in Higher Education,’’ EAPA Exchange, 26(1), 10-14. Masi, Dale and Maiden, Paul (1985). ‘‘EAP Specialization at the University of Maryland,’’ EAP Digest, 5(5), 63-64. Massey, Martin and Csiernik, Richard (1997) ‘‘Community Development In EAP: The Employee Assistance Program Council of Hamilton-Wentworth,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 12(3), 35-46. Mkalipe, Sello (1992). ‘‘Occupational Social Work Education in South Africa,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 7(3), 115-125. Nida, S.; Foley, S.; Maze, B.; Maze, M. and Braucht, G. (1987). ‘‘Preparing Undergraduates for Careers in Employee Assistance,’’ EAP Digest, 7(1), 57-61. Popple, Philip (1981). ‘‘Social Work Practice in Business and Industry, 1875-1930,’’ Social Service Review, 55, 257-269. Quick, R.C.; Sonnenstuhl, W.J., and Trice, H.M. (1987) ‘‘Educating the Employee Assistance Professional: Cornell University’s Employee Assistance Education and Research Program,’’ Public Personnel Management, 16(4), 333-343.
HAWORTH JOURNALS ARE AVAILABLE ON MICROFORM All Haworth journals are now available in either microfiche or microfilm from The Haworth Microform/Microfiche Division at the lowest possible prices. Microfiche and microfilms are available at 25% above the ‘‘library’’ subscription rate. For journal subscription rates, please look within the journal on the copyright pages. For all microform subscriptions, these charges apply: outside US and Canada: 40% to total; in Canada, 30% to total as well as 7% GST. Microfilm specifications: 35mm; diazo or silver. Microfiche specifications: 105mm x 184mm (4” x 6”); reduction ratio: 24X; nonsilver (diazo) positive polarity. Microform are mailed upon completion of each volume. For further information, contact Janette Kemmerer, Microform Contact, The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580; Tel: (607) 722-5857, ext. 311; Fax: (607) 722-1424; E-Mail: [email protected] Microform and microfiche are also available from Bell & Howell Information and Learning (formerly University Microfilms International), 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; Tel: (800) 521-0600.
Employee Assistance Quarterly Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wzea20
Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada Rick Csiernik PhD a
a
School of Social Work, King's College, University of Western Ontario, Western Ontario
Version of record first published: 16 Oct 2008
To cite this article: Rick Csiernik PhD (2000): Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada, Employee Assistance Quarterly, 15:3, 15-22 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J022v15n03_02
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Employee Assistance Program Education in Canada: The State of the Nation
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Rick Csiernik
ABSTRACT. Over the past few decades Employee Assistance Programming (EAP) has grown into a multi-million dollar industry in Canada, employing thousands of practitioners. With its emergence as a prominent field of practice one would have assumed a parallel development of formal post-secondary education in this area. However, a review of departments of business, psychology, social work and sociology in Canada’s 56 liberal arts universities found virtually no specific academic training in Employee Assistance Programming. This is one contributing factor explaining the current lack of substantive EAP research efforts in Canada. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: Website: ]
KEYWORDS. EAP education
INTRODUCTION One may obtain a specialization in Employee Assistance Programming (EAP) at 17 post-secondary institutions in the United States, Rick Csiernik, PhD, is Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, King’s College, University of Western Ontario. He is the past coordinator of the EAP studies program at McMaster University. Address correspondence to: Rick Csiernik, 266 Epworth Avenue, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 2M3 (E-mail: [email protected]). The author would like to thank Ms. Kristie Van De Wetering and Ms. Marine McTavish for their assistance with this project and King’s College for its financial support. Employee Assistance Quarterly, Vol. 15(3) 2000 E 2000 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
16
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
literally from coast to coast. One may also take courses in Employee Assistance and related subjects at both the undergraduate and graduate levels at many more colleges and universities (Gustavsson and Balgopal, 1991; Harney and Frissell, 1996; Masi and Maiden, 1985; Nida et al., 1987; Quick, Sonnenstuhl and Trice, 1987). While EAP is a product of western industrialized society, one may also study Employee Assistance Programming or occupational social work at a post-secondary level in South Africa (du Plessis, 1999; Mkalipe, 1992) and Malaysia (Balgopal et al., 1997). However, in Canada, a nation that can trace it origins in EAP back to the 19th century (Csiernik, 1992), a nation with thousands of EAP programs, staffed by thousands of Employee Assistance practitioners, there is practically no specific formal post-secondary training in the field. Canada by virtue of its size and population does not have the same number of universities, nor academic programs, as does the United States, however, the provision of Employee Assistance services is extremely prevalent across the nation. This is not to imply that Canadian Employee Assistance practitioners are not concerned with nor that they do not follow the core competencies, professional standards or ethical guidelines. Rather, it is a reflection of the importance placed on Employee Assistance Programming by the academic community in Canada. The question that arises is what type of educational opportunities do exist within Canada for those interested in a career in EAP. METHODOLOGY This examination of post-secondary EAP education began by obtaining a listing of all accredited liberal arts universities across Canada (n = 56) by province.1 Of these 56 institutions, five universities offer programming in French while two are officially bilingual campuses, offering courses equally in both French and English. The remainder have English as their language of instruction. For each university either a 1998-1999 undergraduate and graduate calendar was obtained or the course offerings were reviewed using the university’s web-site calendar. The total number of courses listed for each discipline was counted along with the specific number of courses pertaining to Employee Assistance Programming. The initial search focused on four undergraduate disciplines: business, psychology, social work and sociology. After reviewing those findings a second
Rick Csiernik
17
search of graduate program courses in psychology and social work was undertaken.
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
RESULTS Table 1 summarizes the number of course offerings by discipline for Canada’s 56 liberal arts universities.2 There are 54 institutions offering undergraduate degrees in business, 54 in psychology, 49 in sociology and 30 in social work. Combined they listed 11,101 separate offerings, from first year general introductory level courses to specialized fourth year electives. Of these, none (0.0%) were entitled Employee Assistance or Employee Assistance Programming. One university, Dalhousie in Halifax, Nova Scotia offers an elective entitled Social Work in Industry while the majority of schools of social work have at least one undergraduate elective in addictions and provide a core foundation of individual, family and group counselling courses. Twenty-four psychology departments (44.4%) offer undergraduate courses in industrial or organizational psychology typically with a theoretical rather than an applied orientation, while several also provide a drugs and behaviour elective. Business department courses that have some relevance to the EAP field include organizational behaviour, human resources management, organizational theory and industrial relations, though none of these have a prominent focus on EAP. However, the business department of Laval Université, in Québec City, Québec does offer a course, in French, on Work and Mental Health. While the 49 sociology departments did not provide a specific offering on EAP, students could learn about the general area through taking courses such as work and organization, occupational sociology, or the sociology of organizations. The University of Toronto even offers an undergraduate course on the sociology of addiction. Graduate programming did not fair much better in the review. There are 34 Master of Arts programs in Psychology with a total of 1,180 listed offerings. While no course specifically was entitled Employee Assistance or Employee Assistance Programming, eleven universities (32.3%) did offer graduate courses on industrial or organizational psychology. Three (14.3%) graduate Schools of Social Work offer courses in occupational social work, two in English and one in French, representing 0.5% of the total social work courses listed. Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario and McGill in Montréal, Québec provide the English offerings while the Université de Québec à Mon-
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
18
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
TABLE 1. Courses Offered by Canadian Universities by Discipline University
Location
Business Psychology Social Work Sociology Psychology Social Work undergraduate programs graduate programs
BRITISH COLUMBIA (n = 10) Kwantlen University College Malaspina University College Okanogan University College Royal Roads Simon Fraser University of British Columbia University College of the Caribou University College of Fraser Valley University of Northern British Columbia University of Victoria
Surney 17 Nanaimo 7 Kelowna 40 Victoria 22 Burnaby 90 Vancouver 108 KamIoops Abbotsford 61 Prince George 51 Victoria 74
ALBERTA (n = 4) Athabasca University University of Alberta University of Calgary University of Lethbridge
Athabasca Edmonton Calgary Lethbridge
26 91 15
Regina
39**
19** 43 37
24 28
70 57 14 27 45 54
16 21 19 29 28
66 108** 42
SASKATCHEWAN (n = 2) University of Regina Sask. Federated Indian College University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon
73 29 133
MANITOBA (n = 3) Brandon University University of Manitoba University of Winnipeg
Brandon Winnipeg Winnipeg
29 103 27
43** 67** 74**
ONTARIO (n = 18) Algoma University Brock University Carelton University Lakehead University Laurentian University McMaster University*** Nippising University Queen’s University Ryerson Polytechnic University Trent University University of Guelph University of Ottawa University of Toronto University of Waterloo(1) University of Western Ontario(2) University of Windsor Wilfrid Laurier University York University
Sault Ste. Marie St. Catharines Ottawa Thunder Bay Sudbury Hamilton North Bay Kingston Toronto Peterborough Guelph Ottawa Toronto Waterloo London Windsor Waterloo Toronto
45 102 78 89 64 60 53 36 32 25 173 88 12 58 84 76 196
56 78 57 37** 38 50 36** 61** 33** 41 54** 86** 128 63** 154** 73** 49** 134**
QUEBEC (n = 7) Bishop’s University Concordia University Laval University McGill University Universite de Montreal Universite de Quebec Universite de Sherbrooke
Lennoxville Montreal Quebec City Montreal Montreal six sites Sherbrooke
120 179 39 53 35 271 125
51** 67 63** 67 73 181** 52**
43
56
46 23
28
18 40 28 39 31 36
17 37 23 30
71 54 31 133 43
16
78 50
68 48**
27
10 62
22 20
90 55 33
21 35**
38
50
35
10
80
35**
41 62 68
10**
17 48
43 57 57 39 48 70 36 52 31 33 50 84 95 86 132 77 51 229 49 68 78 85 71 125
5 59** 18 16
32
47 15 11 23
22 47** 87** 78 30** 33** 6 19 14
75* 27
56 61 22 40** 118 28
24 65* 32 53* 19
44
Rick Csiernik University
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
NEW BRUNSWICK (n = 4) Mount Allison University St. Thomas University Universite de Moncton University of New Brunswick
Location
19
Business Psychology Social Work Sociology Psychology Social Work undergraduate programs graduate programs
Sackville Fredericton Moncton Fredericton/ St. John
45 44 68 163
37 45** 34 109
NOVA SCOTIA (n = 5) Acadia University Dalhousie University Mount St. Vincent St. Francis Xavier University St. Mary’s University
Wolfville Halifax Halifax Antigonish Halifax
69 69 58 48 28
39** 63 37 25 53
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (n = 1) University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
57
45
NEWFOUNDLAND (n = 1) Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John’s
77
67**
46
33
19
15
total number of programs
53
53
30
48
34
21
total number of courses
3655
3184
1094
3050
1180
629
0
0
0
0
0
0
total number of EAP specific courses
29 33
37*
49 38 12 101
62 69 47 54 94
21 30
6 37 28
15
15
17**
53
* these departments offer one course each in occupational social work ** these departments offer at least one course in industrial/organizational psychology *** EAP studies certificate program provided through the Centre for Continuing Education 1--The social work program is located at Rension College 2--The social work program is located at King’s College
tréal (UQAM), also in Montréal, Québec offers the course in French. In each case the course is an elective and not necessarily offered each year let alone each semester. These results, while disappointing, are not a surprise to anyone in Canada who has sought formal university-based training in EAP. There has been one response, however, by the Continuing Education Department of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Hamilton was at one time the industrial centre of Canada and home to the initial occupational alcoholism consultant to industry in the country (Bennett, 1975) as well as developing the inaugural EAP Council (Massey and Csiernik, 1997). Thus, it was not startling that the Centre for Continuing Education in consultation with the EAP Council of Hamilton-Wentworth should develop the first, and only, formal program of study in the late 1980’s exclusively focusing upon EAP. As there was such a dearth of standardized training, it was decided by the Centre for Continuing Education to offer the program both on-site in Hamilton
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
20
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
and also in a distance education format to allow students across Canada the opportunity to formally study EAP. What initially began as two courses has evolved into two separate certificates. Each consists of six courses, with Level 1, Foundation Issues, intended as an introduction to the EAP field. It provides basic background to program development and core counselling skills including required courses in substance abuse, and EAP intervention techniques. Graduates of Level 1 may move to Level 2, Professional Issues, which is primarily intended as an advanced certificate for those already having earned a degree or certificate in a helping profession and who wish to gain specialized knowledge of the EAP field. Topics in Level 2 include Critical Incident Stress, Organizational and Individual Wellness, Family Issues, Specialized Clients and a course on business practice in EAP. The courses in both certificates are affiliated with the School of Social Work and can be combined and transferred for elective credit towards an undergraduate degree. However, the courses themselves are not taught at the degree level and do not appear in the official undergraduate or graduate university calendars. DISCUSSION The origins of EAP education date back to the industrial welfare workers of the 1800s. By 1919, 141 American corporations reported having a separate position classified as a welfare secretary. While many of these persons had no formal training, the major sector of employment for graduates from the New York School of Social Work during this era was industry. The University of Chicago also offered courses in social work and industrial welfare work during this time (Brandes, 1976; Popple, 1981). At the beginning of the 21st century, Canadian post-secondary institutions are barely offering more in terms of occupational education than their American counterparts were at the turn of the 20th century. In the interim, Employee Assistance Programming has become a multi-million dollar, multi-disciplinary practice area in Canada. Perhaps one reason there is virtually no empirical knowledge underlying the developmental dimensions of the field (Csiernik, 1998) is the lack of formal education in the field. Without a formal academic foundation there is limited impetus for research and increasing empirical knowledge of the field. With decreasing support being provided by the historically strong
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Rick Csiernik
21
Canadian social safety net and the increasing prominence of the private sector in health care and social service provision, EAPs are becoming more integral in the lives of Canadians with personal, family, and work related issues. As a result, EAPs are also becoming more prominent in the creation and maintenance of healthy communities. Considering the lack of formalized education in the field, it truly is time for Canadian universities in their forthcoming reviews of curriculum to place some emphasis on EAP. This is not a new issue, however, as a similar concern was expressed about American post-secondary EAP education by Epstein and Perryman in 1985. Thus, it also needs to become the responsibility of those working in the field as alumni of universities and colleges to ask what is being done by our alma maters to prepare the next generation of EAP practitioners so that they will be better prepared than we were for the challenges and nuances of the EAP profession. NOTES 1. The Université de Québec with six campuses was only counted once. The official language of instruction on each campus is French. 2. The provinces are listed from west to east.
REFERENCES Balgopal, P.; De Silva, E.; Mun, L.W., and Choo, Q. (1997). ‘‘Improving Quality of Work Life in Singapore: Implications for Social Work in Industry,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 12(4), 51-60. Bennett, Ken (1975). Development of Industrial Alcoholism Programs in Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton: Addiction Research Foundation. Brandes, Stuart (1976). American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Csiernik, Richard (1998) ‘‘A Profile of Canadian Employee Assistance Programs,’’ Employee Assistance Research Supplement, 2(1), 1-8. Csiernik, Richard (1992) ‘‘The Evolution of Employee Assistance Programming In North America,’’ Canadian Social Work Review, 9(2), 214-228. du Plessis, Angela (1999). ‘‘Occupational Social Work in South Africa,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 14(3), 19-40. Epstein, H. and Perryman, W. (1985). ‘‘Proposal for a Collaborative Curriculum,’’ EAP Digest, 5(5), 27-33. Gustavsson, Nora and Balgopal, Pallassana (1991). ‘‘Training of Social Workers in Work Settings: Response of the Academia,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 6(4), 79-89.
22
EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE QUARTERLY
Downloaded by [McMaster University] at 21:49 17 August 2012
Harney, Paula and Frissell, Susan (1996). ‘‘An Update to EAP Curricula in Higher Education,’’ EAPA Exchange, 26(1), 10-14. Masi, Dale and Maiden, Paul (1985). ‘‘EAP Specialization at the University of Maryland,’’ EAP Digest, 5(5), 63-64. Massey, Martin and Csiernik, Richard (1997) ‘‘Community Development In EAP: The Employee Assistance Program Council of Hamilton-Wentworth,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 12(3), 35-46. Mkalipe, Sello (1992). ‘‘Occupational Social Work Education in South Africa,’’ Employee Assistance Quarterly, 7(3), 115-125. Nida, S.; Foley, S.; Maze, B.; Maze, M. and Braucht, G. (1987). ‘‘Preparing Undergraduates for Careers in Employee Assistance,’’ EAP Digest, 7(1), 57-61. Popple, Philip (1981). ‘‘Social Work Practice in Business and Industry, 1875-1930,’’ Social Service Review, 55, 257-269. Quick, R.C.; Sonnenstuhl, W.J., and Trice, H.M. (1987) ‘‘Educating the Employee Assistance Professional: Cornell University’s Employee Assistance Education and Research Program,’’ Public Personnel Management, 16(4), 333-343.
HAWORTH JOURNALS ARE AVAILABLE ON MICROFORM All Haworth journals are now available in either microfiche or microfilm from The Haworth Microform/Microfiche Division at the lowest possible prices. Microfiche and microfilms are available at 25% above the ‘‘library’’ subscription rate. For journal subscription rates, please look within the journal on the copyright pages. For all microform subscriptions, these charges apply: outside US and Canada: 40% to total; in Canada, 30% to total as well as 7% GST. Microfilm specifications: 35mm; diazo or silver. Microfiche specifications: 105mm x 184mm (4” x 6”); reduction ratio: 24X; nonsilver (diazo) positive polarity. Microform are mailed upon completion of each volume. For further information, contact Janette Kemmerer, Microform Contact, The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580; Tel: (607) 722-5857, ext. 311; Fax: (607) 722-1424; E-Mail: [email protected] Microform and microfiche are also available from Bell & Howell Information and Learning (formerly University Microfilms International), 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346; Tel: (800) 521-0600.
Individuals with alcohol problems often receive pressure to change their drinking. However, when they enter treatment it is unclear how often it is because of the pressure they received or other reasons. A secondary analysis was conducted using four cross-sectional National Alcohol Surveys collected at 5-year intervals between 1995 and 2010. Treatment seekers (N = 476) were interviewed about a) all reasons for seeking treatment, b) their primary reason, c) lifetime heavy drinking, and d) whether they ever received pressure from six different sources (spouse, family, friends, doctor, work, and police). Over 90% of the sample received pressure from at least one source. Thirty-four percent identified legal problems/felt forced as their primary reason for seeking treatment. Other primary reasons included a desire to improve relationships (25%) and health (15%). When asked about all reasons, 46% endorsed five or more reasons and 74% included legal problems/felt forced. A primary reason for seeking alcohol treatment is drinking-related legal problems or feeling forced. However, legal problems/feeling forced occurs along with a variety of additional reasons. Future research should assess pathways between receipt of pressure from different sources, recognition of different types of problems, and reasons given for seeking treatment.
Keywords Treatment entry, alcohol services, reasons for seeking help, treatment barriers, drinking pressure
Employee Assistance Programs Eaps An Allied Profession For Work/life 2010 Pdf
Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., & Chou, P. S. (2006). Estimating the effect of help-seeking on achieving recovery from alcohol dependence. Addiction, 101(6), 824–834. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Greenfield, T. K. , & Kerr, W. C. (2008). Alcohol measurement methodology in epidemiology: Recent advances and opportunities. Addiction, 103(7), 1082–1099. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Greenfield, T. K., Midanik, L. T., & Rogers, J. D. (2000). Effects of telephone versus face-to-face interview modes on reports of alcohol consumption. Addiction, 95(2), 227–284. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
Hasin, D. S. (1994). Treatment/self-help for alcohol-related problems: Relationship to social pressure and alcohol dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55(6), 660–666. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Jacobson, J. M. , & Attridge, M. (2010). Employee assistance programs (EAPs): An allied profession for work/life. In Sweet, S. & Casey, J. (Eds.), Work and family encyclopedia. Chestnut Hill, MA: Sloan Work and Family Research Network. Available from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=17296&area=All Google Scholar |
Kerr, W. C., Greenfield, T. K., Bond, J., Ye, Y., & Rehm, J. (2004). Age, period and cohort influences on beer, wine and spirits consumption trends in the US National Surveys. Addiction, 99(9), 1111–1120. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Kerr, W. C., Greenfield, T. K., Bond, J., Ye, Y., & Rehm, J. (2009). Age-period-cohort modeling of alcohol volume and heavy drinking days in the US National Alcohol Surveys: Divergence in younger and older adult trends. Addiction, 104(1), 27–37. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Kerr, W. C., Greenfield, T. K., & Midanik, L. T. (2006). How many drinks does it take you to feel drunk? Trends and predictors for subjective drunkenness. Addiction, 101(10), 1428–1437. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Korcha, R. A., Polcin, D. L., Greenfield, T. K., Kerr, W. C., & Bond, J. (2011). When does pressure facilitate help seeking? Trends and correlates from 1984 to 2005. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37, 48–53. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
McLellan, A. T. (2006, January 29-February 2). What are the evidence-based administrative practices? Systems issues that impede delivery of effective treatment. Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, Santa Fe, NM. Google Scholar |
Midanik, L. T. , & Greenfield, T. K. (2003). Telephone versus in-person interviews for alcohol use: Results of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 72(3), 209–214. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Midanik, L. T., Hines, A. M., Greenfield, T. K., & Rogers, J. D. (1999). Face-to-face versus telephone interviews: Using cognitive methods to assess alcohol survey questions. Contemporary Drug Problems, 26, 673–693. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
Midanik, L. T., Rogers, J. D., & Greenfield, T. K. (2001). Mode differences in reports of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm. In Cynamon, M. L. & Kulka, R. A. (Eds.), Seventh Conference on Health Survey Research Methods [DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 01–1013] (pp. 129–133). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Google Scholar |
Moos, R. H. , & Moos, B. S. (2006). Treated and untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders: Rates and predictors of remission and relapse. International Journal of Clinical Health Psychology, 6(3), 513–526. Google Scholar |
Ólafsdóttir, H., Raitasalo, K., Greenfield, T. K., & Allamani, A. (2009). Concern about family members' drinking and cultural consistency: A multi-country GENACIS study. Contemporary Drug Problems, 36(1–2), 59–83. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
Oleski, J., Mota, N., Cox, B. J., & Sareen, J. (2010). Perceived need for care, help seeking, and perceived barriers to care for alcohol use disorders in a national sample. Psychiatric Services, 61(12), 1223–1231. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Polcin, D. L. , & Beattie, M. (2007). Relationship and institutional pressure to enter treatment: Differences by demographics, problem severity, and motivation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(3), 428–436. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Polcin, D. L., Korcha, R., Greenfield, T. K., Kerr, W. C., & Bond, J. C. (2012). Twenty-one year trends and correlates of pressure to change drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 36(4), 705–715. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Polcin, D. L. , & Weisner, C. (1999). Factors associated with coercion in entering treatment for alcohol problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 54(1), 63–68. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Room, R. (1989). The U.S. general population's experiences of responding to alcohol problems. British Journal of Addiction, 84(11), 1291–1304. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Room, R., Greenfield, T. K., & Weisner, C. (1991). People who might have liked you to drink less: Changing responses to drinking by U.S. family members and friends, 1979–1990. Contemporary Drug Problems, 18(4), 573–595. Google Scholar |
Satre, D. D., Mertens, J. R., Areán, P. A., & Weisner, C. (2004). Five-year alcohol and drug treatment outcomes of older adults versus middle-aged and younger adults in a managed care program. Addiction, 99(10), 1286–1297. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Schmidt, L. , & Weisner, C. (1993). Developments in alcoholism treatment: A ten year review. In Galanter, M. (Ed.), Recent Developments in Alcoholism (Vol. 11, pp. 369–396). New York: Plenum. Google Scholar | Crossref |
Schmidt, L. A., Ye, Y., Greenfield, T. K., & Bond, J. (2007). Ethnic disparities in clinical severity and services for alcohol problems: Results from the National Alcohol Survey. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(1), 48–56. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Stata Corp. (2009). Stata Statistical Software: Release 11.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation. Google Scholar |
Storbjork, J. (2006). The interplay between perceived self-choice and reported informal, formal, and legal pressures in treatment entry. Contemporary Drug Problems, 33(4), 611–644. Google Scholar | Abstract |
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (2009). The NSDUH report: Alcohol treatment: Need, utilization, and barriers. Rockville, MD: Author. Retrieved August 2, 2010, from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k9/AlcTX/AlcTX.htm Google Scholar |
Trice, H. , & Beyer, J. (1984). Work-related outcomes of the constructive-confrontation strategy in a job-based alcoholism program. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45(5), 393–404. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Rippens, P. D. (2004). A factor analytic study of influences on patterns of help-seeking among treated and untreated alcohol dependent persons. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 237–242. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline |
Weisner, C., Matzger, H., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2003). How important is treatment? One-year outcomes of treated and untreated alcohol-dependent individuals. Addiction, 98(7), 901–911. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
Wells, J. E., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2007). Reasons why young adults do or do not seek help for alcohol problems. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(12), 1005–1012. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
Wilsnack, R. W., Wilsnack, S. C., Kristjanson, A. F., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. D., & Gmel, G. (2009). Gender and alcohol consumption: Patterns from the multinational GENACIS project. Addiction, 104(9), 1487–1500. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |